Contesting a Will

The most common ground for contesting a Will is that the testator lacked the mental capacity required to make a valid Will.

The legal test for testamentary capacity was established in Banks v Goodfellow (1870) and requires that the testator understood the nature and effect of making a Will, the extent of the property and assets in their estate, and the claims of those who might reasonably expect to benefit.

The testator must also not have been suffering from a disorder of the mind that influenced the way they disposed of their estate.

Concerns about testamentary capacity often arise where the deceased had dementia, Alzheimer's disease, or another condition affecting their mental function at the time the Will was executed.

Medical records are usually essential evidence, and a capacity expert may be instructed to provide an opinion on whether the testator had the required capacity when the Will was executed.

If the court is satisfied that the testator lacked capacity, the Will would be  invalid and the estate, including any property, will pass under a previous valid Will or the intestacy rules.

A Will may be challenged on the ground that the testator was subjected to undue influence or coercion. To succeed, it is generally necessary to show that the influence went beyond legitimate persuasion and that it overpowered the testator's own decision-making.

Evidence may include the testator being isolated from family members, a sudden and unexplained change to the Will, or the person alleged to have exerted influence being closely involved in the Will's preparation.

Our specialist contentious probate solicitors have significant experience in bringing and defending claims based on undue influence.

Whether you are looking to challenge a Will on these grounds or are defending against such a challenge, we can advise on the evidence required.

Even if the testator had capacity, a Will may be contested if the testator did not truly know and approve of its contents.

This ground for challenging a Will can arise in circumstances where the testator was blind, deaf, illiterate, or did not speak English as a first language.

Where these issues arise, the presumption of knowledge and approval does not arise, and it will be for the person wanting to rely on the Will to prove the testator knew and approved its contents.

A suitably worded attestation clause can assist with this, but if not, evidence proving knowledge and approval will be required.

For a Will to be valid in England and Wales, it must comply with the formalities set out in section 9 of the Wills Act 1837.

The Will must be signed by the testator in the presence of two witnesses, who must also sign the Will in the testator's presence.

If a Will was not properly signed, was not properly witnessed, or otherwise failed to meet these legal formalities, it may be invalid.

Problems with execution are particularly common where the testator made a homemade Will without professional legal advice, or where the Will was executed in unusual circumstances.

Our dispute solicitors regularly deal with claims involving improper execution.

A Will may be contested if it was forged or fraudulent. Claims based on fraud or forgery may require expert handwriting analysis as evidence.

If the court finds that a Will is a forgery, it will be declared invalid and the estate will be administered under a previous valid Will or the rules of intestacy.

Fraudulent calumny arises where a person deliberately poisons the testator's mind against a potential beneficiary by making false statements. If those false statements caused the testator to change their Will, for example, to disinherit a family member, the Will may be contested.

If a Will contains a clerical error or fails to carry out the testator's true intentions because of a misunderstanding of their instructions, an application can be made to the court to have the Will rectified.

Rectification claims must normally be brought within six months of the Grant of Probate. Where the error was caused by the negligence of the solicitors who prepared the Will, there may also be a professional negligence claim.

A Will can be contested on any of the following grounds:

• Lack of testamentary capacity (where the person who made the Will did not have the mental capacity to understand the decisions they were making)
• Undue influence (where the person making the Will was forced into making their Will in particular terms)
• Want of knowledge and approval (where the person making the Will did not know and approve its contents)
• Lack of due execution (where the strict legal requirements for signing a Will have not been complied with)
• Forgery (where perhaps one of the signatures on the Will is false of the Will itself is forged)
• Fraudulent calumny (where someone has told the person making a Will lies about another person and this has changed the contents of the Will)

Other related claims include those under the Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975 and proprietary estoppel claims.

The cost depends on the complexity of the dispute, the value of the estate, whether the matter settles early, and whether court proceedings are required.

We offer a range of funding options to help clients manage fees, including no-win no-fee agreements, deferred fee arrangements, fixed fees, litigation loans, legal expenses insurance, and after-the-event insurance. We discuss all fees and funding options transparently from the outset.

The time limit to contest a Will depends on the type of the claim, but it can be as little as 6 months from the date of a Grant of Probate or Grant of Letters of Administration. We therefore recommend contacting our contentious probate lawyers as soon as possible.

You can contest a Will after the Grant of Probate has been issued, but we recommend taking action as quickly as possible.

Until a Will is processed by the probate registry, only the executors are legally entitled to see it. After it has been processed, it becomes a public document and should be available to download from the government website.

If the Will has not been sent to the probate registry, it might still be worth approaching the executors, or the solicitors who prepared the Will, in case they are willing to provide a copy in advance.

Some contesting a Will cases can be resolved quickly – between 1 to 6 months but others may take longer. The length of time it takes to contest a Will will depend on the type of claim that you might have and any time limits that might already exist.

Our contesting a Will lawyers seek to resolve most cases before court proceedings are needed, and we will always let you know of anticipated dates where and when we can.

In some cases, fees may be paid from the estate. In others, the unsuccessful party may be ordered to pay some or all of another party's legal fees. The court considers the conduct of the parties involved and the reasons for bringing or defending the claim. Our solicitors will advise on likely costs risks before you commit to a claim.

You may be able to bring a claim where someone died without a Will; please contact us to discuss your situation.

The evidence required depends on the grounds for the claim. This may include the testator's medical records, a Larke v Nugus statement from the solicitors who prepared the Will, witness statements, previous Wills, financial records, and correspondence. Our solicitors will advise on what evidence is needed.

In England and Wales, you may be able to contest a Will if you are a beneficiary, spouse, civil partner, partner, child, stepchild, dependant, executor, trustee, or another person with a legitimate interest in the estate. You may also be eligible if the deceased promised you an inheritance or if you were financially dependent on the deceased.

You can stop a Will going to probate with a Caveat. A Caveat will ‘block’ probate applications if entered correctly. A Caveat may be removed if the Executor ‘warns’ the Caveat off, but steps can be taken to prevent this happening.

A Caveat can be entered on the Deceased’s estate with the Probate Registry. The Caveat lasts for 6 months and can then be extended for another 6 months, if required.

Download our Guide to Caveats.

If you have divorced and entered into a clean break agreement which means he no longer financially supports you, then it is unlikely that you will have an entitlement to his estate. Divorce orders often make this clear and include clauses that such claims cannot be made.

If you have divorced but your ex-spouse continues to maintain you financially then you may have a claim against his estate, but each case would need to be considered individually.

You may be able to contest a Will or bring a claim if you:

• Were named as a beneficiary in a previous Will;
• Are the spouse/civil partner, former spouse/civil partner, cohabitee, child, stepchild or someone who was financially dependent on the person who has died;
• Were promised an inheritance; and/or
• Were named in a draft Will that was never signed.

Please note that this is not an all-inclusive list.

An ex should not normally be able to claim from your estate, but you should take advice about how to protect your estate in divorce proceedings particularly if you have children.

On divorce any gift or legacy to a spouse will fail and pass to others that may have been mentioned. It is important to update a Will on and after relationship breakdowns as this will only apply when a decree absolute is made and not before.

The amount that you may receive for contesting a Will will depend on factors such as the size of the deceased’s estate, as well as your personal circumstances.

Each contesting a Will case is different, but our contentious probate lawyers ensure that you are consulted and advised as to the settlements appropriate to your claim. In our experience most claims are capable of swift resolution and early payment.

A mirror Will can be contested in the same way as any Will, except a Mutual Will. The considerations that need to be considered are exactly the same, such as capacity, knowledge, in appropriate influence.

A mutual Will is very different to a mirror Will and specialist contentious probate advice should be obtained before considering challenges to these type of Wills.

In appropriate cases, the contesting a Will team at Myerson Solicitors will offer a no win no fee agreement to assist you in the funding of your claim. 

We carry out a full assessment of your case and will discuss the no win no fee agreement with you in detail.

If you are excluded from a Will and are related to the deceased you will have an “interest” in their estate, so you may be able to contest the Will.

In addition, you may have a claim under the Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975.

A Will has no effect until a person dies, meaning it is not possible to challenge a Will until that time.

If you are concerned about whether a Will is valid, it may be worth speaking to them to understand their decision and check whether they are happy with it. If they are not, they may wish to update their Will.

If they lack the capacity to do that (maybe because they have dementia), please contact us about the possibility of applying for a Statutory Will.

Our contentious probate lawyers, at Myerson Solicitors, can only advise in relation to estates that are based in England and Wales.

Estates that are mixed and have assets in England and Wales and another country can be considered depending on their individual circumstances.

In the Neate v Heselden case, we represented Susan Pope, a friend and carer of the deceased, Raymond Watts, who had amended his will to leave her the bulk of his estate. Watts’s stepdaughter, Beverley Neate, challenged the will’s validity, alleging that he lacked full understanding and approval when making these changes due to alleged undue influence.

The case presented several complexities. Watts’s estate changes were significant, transferring primary inheritance from a family member to a non-relative, which can often lead to suspicion in probate cases. Proving Watts’s mental clarity and independence at the time of the will’s execution required careful evidence analysis, especially given the relationship dynamics with his stepdaughter.

Myerson’s contentious probate team, led by Senior Associate Eleanor Clarke, meticulously reviewed medical records, personal testimonies, and the timeline of the will’s changes. The team built a strong case for Pope, focusing on Watts’s clear testamentary intent and the nature of his estrangement from Neate, which added context to the will's contents.

The High Court upheld the will, dismissing Neate’s objections and affirming the validity of Watts’s final wishes. Pope retained her rightful inheritance under the will.

Read more here.

Reported on in The Telegraph, Mail Online, The Times, The Mirror and The Sun.

Myerson Solicitors successfully represented Jacqueline Syder, securing a £45,000 award from her estranged husband’s estate.

Despite no provision in his will, the High Court ruled in Syder’s favour, given her financial contributions to their marital home and their legal marriage status at his death.

The case, handled by Myerson's Contentious Probate team, highlights key issues on financial claims in estranged spouse inheritance cases and the treatment of marital homes in probate claims.

Reflecting on the judgment, Jennifer McGuinness, Partner in our Contentious Probate Team, said:

"We are pleased to have secured a positive outcome for our client in what was a sensitive case. This judgment emphasises that the circumstances surrounding termination of marriage by death compared with a breakdown of relationship are "undeniably different". The position is often misunderstood. The approach to these sorts of cases is nuanced and fact sensitive. We hope this outcome brings Ms Syder some security and peace of mind; it has been a pleasure to work with her."

Ms Syder commented:

"During the process, I did at times find myself emotionally overwhelmed and stressed; however, the contentious probate team at Myerson went above and beyond to support me and guide me through the options, giving me time to evaluate my position. Collectively, they made me feel supported and confident in my claim."

Syder v Saladino inheritance dispute case outcome.

We successfully acted for Laura Smith in her claim challenging the validity of her late mum’s Will. Laura’s mum had left a “homemade Will” where she made her husband, Laura’s stepfather, the sole executor and beneficiary. Laura was not included, which was odd given that she had a close relationship with her mother. 

Laura’s stepfather maintained that the Will was valid, but Laura was adamant that the Will was suspicious and very unlikely to have been prepared and witnessed properly. We contacted the witnesses and obtained evidence supporting Laura’s claim to overturn the Will. The witnesses clearly were not present with Laura’s mum when she signed her Will. The requirement of the Wills Act 1837 specifically requires the witnesses to be present at the same time and has other important requirements which need to be followed so that the Will is valid. 

Laura’s case was heard at a 2-day trial on 10th and 11th March 2022 in Manchester Business & Property Court, with both witnesses giving evidence. Laura’s stepfather defended the claim himself and failed in his defence entirely. Laura’s case was successful, and an independent administrator is now dealing with the estate. Laura will receive an equal entitlement with her brother in due course under the intestacy rules, but had she not pursued this claim, she would have received nothing.

This is one of several cases in which we have acted which have been publicised. It is very rare for cases to reach trial, but it is clear that Laura’s determination, together with our expertise in this area, ensured a very successful outcome which validated her decision to engage us and pursue this matter to the end.

We are acting for a mother who has brought a claim for and on behalf of her minor child under the Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975.

The deceased died, leaving a sizeable estate, but failed to make any provision for his minor child. His child was born following the ending of his relationship with the mother, and he actively chose not to be involved either emotionally, physically or financially in respect of the child's life. Financial payments were only made after the involvement of third-party authorities and were minimal and sporadic.

Due to the estrangement that arose between the deceased and the mother, she remained unaware of his sudden passing, and it was by chance that an enquiry established that the deceased had died, leaving a new partner and a sizeable estate. The executors of his estate had obtained a Grant of Probate, and by the time of our instruction, the estate administration was well advanced. The six month period in which to bring a claim under the Inheritance Act was fast approaching and required urgent and immediate legal help to not only investigate the deceased's estate but also to ensure that it was secure and the assets of the same were secured and not dissipated.

In accordance with the required protocols, we intimated our client's claim at the earliest possible opportunity and, following negotiation with the solicitors acting for the estate and its beneficiaries, were able to secure a substantial financial settlement for the child.

Settlements involving children who are under the age of 18 need to be approved by a Judge, and the terms of settlement that have been reached are being structured to be as tax advantageous to the parties involved as possible and capable of final approval by the Judge.

We are acting for the deceased’s mother in defending a claim by his partner, who seeks to uphold a Will she maintains he made in early 2020. Our client argues that the 2020 Will is invalid, that his son did not make it and that it and his signature to the same are a forgery.

The deceased died suddenly in early 2020 and left a Will purportedly leaving the entirety of his estate to his partner. The deceased did not make a previous Will and died without leaving a wife, civil partner, or children. It is in his partner’s interest to ensure this Will is admitted to probate. Otherwise, she would not benefit from his estate.

By contrast, our client maintains that this Will is a forgery, and through our assistance, an expert’s report has been obtained, which is highly critical of the existing Will and supports our client’s claim that not only is the Will invalid, but the signature of the deceased is not his.

We have enormous confidence in the outcome of our client’s defence and that she will successfully set aside the Will. Cases involving forgery/fraud are incredibly rare and unusual, but in circumstances where suspicion arises, and motive for dishonesty is a factor, the clear benefit of obtaining advice and assistance is crucial.

We acted in 2021 in a rare contested Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975 claim which reached trial. We offered a no-win no-fee agreement to enable our client, Barrie Higgins, to instruct us in relation to this matter.

Barrie was the stepson of the Deceased, who had died intestate in 2017. The effect was that the entire estate would pass to his distant cousins. It was Barrie’s case that this was entirely contrary to his stepfather’s wishes and that he had been assured on more than one occasion that the Deceased had made a Will in his favour. Despite a considerable investigation, no such Will was ever found.

Although not related by blood, they were extremely close, and Barrie’s stepfather was involved in Barrie’s upbringing from a young age. The closeness was demonstrated by the fact that Barrie changed his surname to the Deceased’s and received continuing financial support from him throughout his life.

Unfortunately, unlike many cases, Barrie’s case could not be settled without court proceedings being issued. The Judge heard his claim just over 12 months after the court issued his claim. As we were still in Covid-19 at the time, the trial was dealt with remotely over two days, with the Judge providing his written judgment at a later date.

Barrie’s claim was entirely successful, and he was awarded £55,000 and a costs order in his favour. Unusually, within the award was a contribution towards his success fee. Despite the loving and close relationship Barrie had with his stepfather, had he not pursued the claim to this extent, he would have received nothing. This was not in keeping with the Deceased’s values and the bond that they shared.

More information about this and the academic points can be found on the following link.